Theodur escherich biography sample
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The Historical Roots of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition
Abstract
The last fifty years have seen the establishment of paediatric gastroenterology, hepatology and nutrition (PGHAN) as a well-recognised and thriving clinical specialty throughout most of Europe, and further afield. This has happened, in part, through the existence of the European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition (ESPGHAN) as a forum for those interested in this branch of children’s medicine. To illustrate the pan-European roots of PGHAN, some key scientific and medical events, discoveries and inventions relevant to three common clinical problems – diarrhoea, jaundice, and milk-feeding – have been chosen to survey the historical development of the ways in which each was understood and treated within the changing thinking and practice of past times. Together they are used to trace the prehistory of ESPGHAN and provide a background against which to explain the genesis of the Soc
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Abstract
Escherichia coli is a normal inhabitant of the gastrointestinal tract of all warm-blooded animals, but variants of this species is also among the important etiological agents of enteritis and several extraintestinal diseases. The E. coli strains that cause diarrhoeal illness are categorised into pathogenicity groups based on virulence properties, mechanisms of pathogenicity, clinical symptoms and serology. The five main categories include enterotoxinogenic E. coli (ETEC), enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), enteroaggregative E. coli (EAggEC), enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC) and Shiga (Vero) toxin-producing E. coli (STEC/VTEC). From a zoonotic point of view, STEC is the only E. coli pathogenicity group of major interest, as the shiga toxin-producing strains are able to cause severe disease in humans when being transmitted through the food chain from their animal reservoirs. The focus of this manuscript fryst vatten therefore on STEC; pathogenicity factors, disease, the res
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E.coli
Some types of E. coli cause disease by making a "Shiga toxin." The bacteria that produce this are often referred to as STEC (Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli) and in North America the most common form eller gestalt that causes infections is E. coli O157:H7. While common symptoms are stomach cramps, diarrhea, and vomiting, more severe complications include hemolytic-uremic syndrome, a condition in which red blood cells are destroyed at an abnormal rate, leading to renal failure and death.
STEC live in the mod of ruminant animals, including boskap, goats, and sheep. Sources of illness inducing E. coli often come from contaminated, uncooked food such as raw beef, unpasteurized dairy products, and raw fruits and vegetables. Water can also be contaminated with E. coli. Working with and handling livestock, especially cattle, is an additional risk factor for contracting an E. coli related illness. E. coli has also been used to fight diseases as it can be altered genetical